Diariamente aparecen noticias sobre lo que parece ser la panacea de la década que acabamos de inaugurar: el coche eléctrico. Mucho se habla sobre él desde las “altas instancias”, pero ¿realmente sabemos de lo que están hablando? ¿Cuáles son las ventajas y los inconvenientes de la nueva tecnología? Intentaremos explicarlo.
Para comenzar, la gran ventaja del coche eléctrico es, sin duda, la energía que utiliza. La electricidad es mucho más barata que los productos petrolíferos y, a diferencia de estos, se puede producir mediante energías renovables y “limpias”. Aparte, el automóvil en si, produce cero emisiones contaminantes y casi cero ruidos.
No tengo la menor duda de que en el futuro, todos los automóviles serán así: no contaminantes, poco ruidosos y baratos de “alimentar”. Pero en lo que ya tengo serias dudas es en el tiempo que tardará en llegar ese futuro. Y con ello estoy me refiriendo a la gran cantidad de inconvenientes que, a fecha de hoy, plantea esta tecnología.
El primero, como no podía ser otro, es el precio de salida de estos coches. El único coche que se comercializa en la actualidad es el modelo Think City. Este pequeño utilitario (3,14 metros de longitud) es 100% eléctrico y su precio es de ¡30.114 euros! Para que se hagan una idea, cualquier modelo diesel o gasolina con unas dimensiones y una potencia similares no llega a costar 10.000 euros. Suponiendo que la electricidad resultase totalmente gratuita, amortizar este sobrecoste supondría recorrer la nada desdeñable cifra de 350.000 kilómetros que, para un coche eminentemente urbano, son muchos kilómetros.
Y los precios no tienen visos de bajar, ya que el siguiente modelo a la venta (a finales de este año) será el Mitsubishi i-Miev, que ya se encuentra a la venta en Japón desde el verano pasado con un precio que supera los 30.000 euros aunque es muy probable que cuando llegue a España su precio sea superior.
El siguiente inconveniente con que nos encontramos es la autonomía de sus baterías. El Think City, ya mencionado, puede recorrer con la carga completa unos 160 kilómetros que, para desplazarse por la ciudad, resulta más que suficiente, pero que en el momento en que tengamos que realizar un desplazamiento relativamente corto a otra población, a la montaña o a la playa, será insuficiente.
Otra pega que le podemos encontrar es la recarga de la batería, ¿dónde lo enchufamos? Sólo por este problema, estamos eliminando a un 80% de posibles compradores, ya que una gran parte de la población reside en viviendas de varios pisos y sin plaza de aparcamiento. Es imprescindible, por lo tanto, tener una plaza de parking (con toma de corriente) siempre disponible o vivir en una casa aislada. Se están estudiando soluciones de intercambio de baterías por otras recargadas en centros especializados (¿electrolineras?).
Aparte del dónde, también hay otro problema con la recarga de las baterías: el tiempo que emplean en completar la carga. Se tarda (o se tardará) entre seis y doce horas en recargarla en una toma convencional de electricidad. Algunos vehículos se podrán conectar a una toma trifásica que acortará el proceso hasta los 30 minutos, pero, claro, ¿quién puede disponer fácilmente de una toma trifásica? De todas formas, media hora continúa siendo muchísimo para esperar en una electrolinera a que nos “llenen el depósito”, por si a alguien se le había ocurrido esta solución.
Existen otros muchos modelos denominados “híbridos” que combinan un motor a gasoil con el eléctrico, lo que le confiere mucha mayor autonomía, pero ya no es el modelo 100% eléctrico que se promulga desde nuestro gobierno.
El objetivo declarado por Zapatero es llegar a 250.000 vehículos totalmente eléctricos en el año 2014. Para ello, no duda en subvencionar esta alternativa con 590 millones de euros en 2011 y 2012 (para los otros dos años aun no hay cifras).
Esta subvención supone un gasto para los contribuyentes de 8.400 euros por coche. Y aquí surge la gran incongruencia de este plan: no es difícil de imaginar que la primera empresa automovilística que ponga en el mercado un coche eléctrico fiable, barato y competitivo se hará de oro. Entonces, ¿es necesario subvencionar a las grandes marcas automovilísticas por hacer algo que harían en cualquier caso?
¿Conseguiremos con ello que estos coches se fabriquen aquí, en España? Esperemos que así sea, porque en caso contrario, mal negocio habremos hecho.
PD. Si quieren ver los diferentes modelos "enchufables" (con sus principales características) que existen o existirán en los próximos dos años en el mercado español, visiten este enlace.
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46 comentarios:
Buen analisis, a dia de ho esta complicada la cosa, pero yo tengo esperanzas que los modelos electricos de Renault sean competitivos. Saludos.
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Bueno en mi opinion deberíais incluir los problemas que los coches eléctricos no solucionan.
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